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During the pandemic, many households refinanced their mortgages at lower interest rates. As a result, 22% of mortgages today have an interest rate below 3%, up from 1% of all mortgages in 2019, see chart below.
The locking in of lower mortgage rates has weakened the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, and it is the reason why Fed hikes have not had a more significant negative impact on the housing market.
The bottom line is that Fed hikes are not having the desired effect because households have locked in low levels of mortgage rates during the pandemic. As a result, the Fed will have to keep interest rates higher for longer to slow down the economy and get inflation back to 2%.
Our latest housing outlook is available here.
Source: FHFA, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The United Nations forecasts that by the end of this century, Japan’s population will have declined from 120 million to 80 million, see chart below.
Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan; UN; Haver; Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The unemployment rate for 16- to 19-year-olds has increased from 9.2% in April to 13.2% in October, see chart below.
We are monitoring closely if the sharp decline in demand for young workers is a leading indicator of broader labor market weakness.
Source: BLS, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Eight months after the SVB collapse, large banks continue to enjoy significantly lower funding costs and, hence, higher profit margins than regional banks, see the first chart below.
With ongoing headwinds from CRE holdings, the held-to-maturity book, and regulatory uncertainty, it is going to take some time for regional banks to repair their balance sheets.
This continues to be a macro problem, because banks No. 5 to No. 4,000 by assets make up 60% of all assets in the banking sector, see also the second chart showing the ongoing sharp slowdown in bank lending.
Source: S&P Capital IQ Pro, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: FRB, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The Fed cannot begin to send dovish signals when inflation expectations jump higher the way they have done recently, see chart below.
Source: University of Michigan, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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There is a lot of discussion in markets about the implications of the US fiscal situation.
Three areas to watch for investors are 1) debt ceiling and shutdown risk, 2) Treasury auctions, and 3) US downgrade risk. The complication for markets is that the debt ceiling and shutdown come and go with months between, but Treasury auctions happen every week, and a notice from a rating agency about the US fiscal situation can come with no warning.
In other words, for investors, the fiscal situation is not like watching quarterly earnings but instead a topic constantly lingering in the background that can impact markets with little or no warning—if, for example, a Treasury auction tails or rating agencies issue a statement.
The fundamental question remains: Who is going to buy the growing supply of Treasuries, and at what price?
Looking at net foreign purchases of Treasuries shows that foreign official institutions, i.e., central banks and sovereign wealth funds, have been net sellers of Treasuries since 2015, see chart below.
Foreign private buyers, on the other hand, stepped up purchases when the Fed raised interest rates in 2022. But in 2023 with rates peaking, they have been slowing their purchases, see again the chart below.
The bottom line is that investors across all asset classes need to spend some time not only on who is buying Treasuries—including whether it is yield-sensitive or yield-insensitive buyers—but also on Treasury auction metrics and what the rating agencies are saying and doing.
Source: Treasury, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Stocks are driven by stories. Stories such as AI, weight-loss medication, or CRE being a headwind for regional banks.
The bond market, on the other hand, is different. Bonds and credit are contracts. Contracts are formal and legally binding agreements about delivering future cash flows to investors.
The most remarkable difference between stocks and bonds is how unquantifiable stories are, how stories come and go, and how stories involve selecting certain facts and ignoring other facts.
At the moment, stocks are focusing on the rapid decline in inflation. But stocks could also have chosen to focus on rising delinquency rates on credit cards and auto loans, the rise in HY default rates, or the rapid decline in bank lending, see charts below. But these facts are complicated. So, for now, the stock market is holding on to the simple story that inflation is falling. Without the nuance that a rapid decline in inflation would often be driven by a rapid decline in the economy.
With Fed hikes every day biting harder and harder on consumers, firms, and banks, and rates staying high at least until the middle of 2024, the risks are rising that we over the next six months will get a soft landing in inflation and a hard landing in the labor market.
Source: FRB, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: New York Fed Consumer Credit Panel / Equifax, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: FRBNY Consumer Credit Panel, Equifax, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: Moody’s Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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During recessions, the share of unprofitable firms rises. This is not surprising.
But even before the economy has entered a recession, the share of companies in the Russell 2000 with no earnings is at 40%, see chart below.
The bottom line is that if the economy enters a recession, a lot of middle-market companies will be vulnerable to the combination of high rates and slowing growth.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Housing construction as a share of GDP is near all-time low levels, see chart below.
Combined with a very low inventory of homes for sale, the implication for investors is that the downside risks to the economy from housing are limited despite high mortgage rates.
In other words, there is a limit to how much a decline in housing construction can subtract from GDP growth when the level of residential investment is already low.
Source: BEA, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Japan continues to face significant headwinds from demographics, see chart below.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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