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The latest data from the Treasury shows that the US government now pays out on average $3 billion in interest expenses per day, including weekends, see chart below.
If the Fed cuts interest rates by 1%-point and the entire yield curve declines by 1%-point, then daily interest expenses will decline from $3 billion per day to $2.5 billion per day.
Source: US Treasury, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The Chinese population is shrinking, and the UN forecasts that the Chinese working age population will decline by roughly 100 million people every decade. These demographic headwinds are significant and a major drag on growth in China, see below and in our chart book available here.
A shrinking population with fewer working age individuals means fewer taxpayers, more spending on government services for retired people, and overcapacity, as companies can no longer fill existing factories with workers.
For investors, the implication is slower growth, more disinflationary pressures, and weaker global demand for commodities.
Source: Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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It used to be the case that the percentage of foreign companies listed on European and US stock exchanges was very similar at around 15%, see chart below. But, over the past decade, the share of foreign companies listed on stock exchanges has declined significantly in Europe and increased significantly in the US.
US = NYSE and Nasdaq US, Europe = LSE, Euronext, Deutsche Boerse AG and Nasdaq Nordic.
Sources: World Federation of Exchanges, Apollo Chief EconomistSee important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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This week, jobless claims declined, GDP was revised higher, and personal income was higher than consensus expected. Our daily and weekly indicators continue to show no signs of a slowdown, see our chart book.
Or, from a markets perspective, if the economy is about to enter a recession and the unemployment rate is about to go up, why is Walmart’s stock price trading at an all-time high?
With this backdrop, let’s quantify what Fed cuts will do to the economy.
The Fed is saying that monetary policy is restrictive and the Fed funds rate needs to normalize and come down to r-star, which they estimate to be around 3%.
We ran a simulation on a simplified version of the Fed’s model for the US economy, FRBUS, to quantify what the normalization of interest rates means for GDP and inflation.
Assuming a 100bps cut to the Fed funds rate this year and an additional 150bps in forward guidance about more cuts coming will boost GDP by 2% and inflation by 1%, see simulations below.
In short, the current excitement about a dramatic amount of rate cuts is ignoring the significant positive effects these cuts will have on the stock market, credit spreads, consumer spending, capex spending, corporate earnings, and inflation.
Combined with a continued strong tailwind to the economy from fiscal policy and massive investments in AI, the risks are rising that Fed cuts are going to boost stock prices and tighten credit spreads and trigger a reacceleration in GDP and inflation, see again simulations below.
The bottom line is that the r-star framework is missing what “normalizing interest rates” means for the economy, and this is particularly problematic when the Fed funds rate is significantly higher than the model-calculated terminal policy rate.
Note: Monetary policy shock: 100bps decline in the Fed funds rate and Fed forward guidance signaling that another 150bps of cuts are coming (to ultimately bring the Fed funds rate down to the Fed’s estimate of r-star at 3%). Source: Bloomberg SHOK Model, Apollo Chief Economist 
Note: Monetary policy shock: 100bps decline in the Fed funds rate and Fed forward guidance signaling that another 150bps of cuts are coming (to ultimately bring the Fed funds rate down to the Fed’s estimate of r-star at 3%). Source: Bloomberg SHOK Model, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Worldwide employment in all US multinational companies is 44 million.
About 70% of employment in US multinational enterprises, or about 30 million jobs, are in the US, and 14 million jobs in US multinational firms are outside the US.
With total nonfarm payrolls in the US at 159 million, 19% of US employment is in multinational enterprises.
Put differently, more than 80% of jobs in the US economy are outside the S&P 500 companies, and privately owned companies continue to be the lifeblood of the US economy.
For more, see this new data from the BLS.
Source: US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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MSCI defines the free float as the proportion of shares outstanding that is deemed to be available for purchase in the public equity markets by international investors.
A higher free float normally means lower volatility and higher liquidity. The free float is higher in the US, UK, and Australia, and generally lower in emerging markets, see charts below.
Note: MSCI defines the free float of a security as the proportion of shares outstanding that is deemed to be available for purchase in the public equity markets by international investors. Data as of July 2024. Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist 
Note: MSCI defines the free float of a security as the proportion of shares outstanding that is deemed to be available for purchase in the public equity markets by international investors. Data as of July 2024. Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The economics textbook says that higher interest rates should slow capex spending.
But capex spending is currently much less sensitive to interest rates because of massive investments in AI.
Despite the Fed funds rate being at the highest level in decades, capex spending by the Magnificent Seven is at record-high levels, see chart below.
This is another reason why the monetary policy transmission mechanism is much weaker than usual. Fed hikes are having a much smaller negative impact than normal on business investment decisions because of the strong appetite among firms to invest in AI.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Our chart book, available here, monitors a broad spectrum of indicators for signs of weakness in demand for US Treasuries. Fed cuts will begin to test the appetite for Treasuries among yield-sensitive buyers such as households, pension funds, and insurance companies.
Source: Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The depreciation of the Norwegian krone has been driven by the Fed raising interest rates faster than Norges Bank and by weak oil prices, see charts below and our chart book available here.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The five states with the highest average annual lottery spending per person are Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maryland, West Virginia, and Delaware, see chart below.
Source: North American Association of State & Provincial Lotteries (NASPL), US Census Bureau, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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