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The foreign-born labor force has grown 11% since February 2020, and the native-born labor force has remained unchanged over the same period, see chart below.
Source: BLS, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The Fed’s pivot from hawkish to dovish and associated easing in financial conditions have boosted expectations for US consumer spending, see chart below.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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A key reason why the economy is still so strong is the significant tailwind to growth coming from the CHIPS Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the Infrastructure Act.
Monetary policy is using high interest rates trying to slow the economy down. Fiscal policy is utilizing open-ended policies to boost growth and employment.
In short, the positive effects of fiscal policy are dominating the negative effects of Fed hikes, see chart below.
Source: Census Bureau, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Before the pandemic, the share of outstanding mortgages with interest rates below 4% was 38%. Today it is 63%, see chart below.
In other words, housing is adjusting very slowly to Fed hikes. Millions of households still benefit from having locked-in low mortgage rates during the pandemic.
Put differently, the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is much slower than normal, and the Fed will need to keep interest rates higher for longer to get inflation under control.
Source: FHFA, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Looking at P/E ratios for companies in the S&P 500 ranked by market cap shows that large-cap companies are much more expensive than small-cap companies, see chart below.
Why are P/E ratios low for small-cap companies and high for large-cap companies?
Because Fed hikes and higher costs of capital are weighing on highly leveraged small-cap companies with low coverage ratios.
And the AI story has boosted valuations of mega-cap names.
With the Fed keeping interest rates higher for longer, and the AI narrative pushing valuations and index concentration to extreme levels, the downside risks to equities are growing.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Thirty-five percent of the increase in the S&P 500’s market cap since the beginning of the year has come from one stock, see the chart below. Such a high concentration implies that if NVIDIA continues to rise, then things are fine. But if it starts to decline, then the S&P 500 will be hit hard.
The bottom line is that the extreme concentration of returns in the S&P 500 makes investors more vulnerable to single headlines impacting the one stock driving index returns.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Calculated as share of market cap growth since January 1, 2024. See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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It is remarkable how vacancy rates for commercial real estate are moving sideways or higher in a strong economy, see the first chart below. You would have expected that the ongoing strong growth in employment and GDP would push vacancy rates lower. If the Fed succeeds with slowing the economy down, then all these lines will move higher, and potentially very quickly.
Combined with the steep maturity wall for CRE, see the second chart, the bottom line is that the pain in office, apartments, and industrial real estate continues.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist 
Source: MBA, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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Although car sales are very sensitive to higher interest rates, the data for auto sales shows no signs of a slowdown. This suggests significant support for auto sales from wealth gains for households via higher stock prices, higher home prices, and higher cash flow from fixed income.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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The top 10 stocks in the S&P 500 now make up a record-high 35% of the index, see chart below.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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There are a lot of commercial real estate investments that need to be refinanced in 2024, see chart below. And rates higher for longer continue to have a negative impact across CRE.
Source: MBA, Apollo Chief Economist See important disclaimers at the bottom of the page.
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