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  • States with Highest Population Growth

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    During the post-Covid period, US population growth has been the fastest in Idaho, Utah, Montana, Texas, Florida, and New Jersey, see map below.

    US population growth since 2019, by state

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  • Japanese Stock Rally Is Mainly Large Cap

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    The global rise in stock prices is driven mainly by large-cap firms, not only in the US and Europe but also in Japan, see charts below.

    Large-cap stocks outperforming in Japan
    Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
    Japanese stock market also more concentrated.
    Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist

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  • More Firms Planning to Raise Prices

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    The NFIB survey of small businesses asks 10,000 firms if they plan to increase selling prices over the next three months. The recent acceleration in the share of firms saying yes suggests that CPI inflation could increase over the coming months, see chart below.

    NFIB survey shows more companies are looking to raise prices
    Source: NFIB, BEA, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

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  • Comparing the Fiscal Position in the US and Italy

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    The government budget deficit is bigger in the US than in Italy, see the first chart.

    Government debt levels are currently higher in Italy than in the US, but according to IMF forecasts, they are converging over the coming years, see the second chart.

    Government net interest payments are similar in the US and Italy, see the third chart.

    Despite these similarities, Italy has a BBB rating, and the US has a AAA rating.

    If the US continues on the fiscal trajectory forecasted by the CBO, the risks are rising that the US will be downgraded later this year.

    Comparing budget deficits in the US and Italy
    Source: IMF, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

    Comparing government debt levels in the US and Italy
    Source: IMF, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

    Comparing net interest payments in the US and Italy
    Source: OECD, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

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  • The top 10 companies in the S&P 500 today are more overvalued than the top 10 companies were during the tech bubble in the mid-1990s, see chart below.

    The current AI bubble is bigger than the 1990s tech bubble
    Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Data as of January 31, 2024.

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  • What Happens When RRP Reaches Zero?

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    The Fed’s Reverse Repo Program (RRP) is a measure of excess reserves in the banking sector. If banks have excess cash, RRP balances go up and vice versa.

    With Fed cuts on the horizon, there is an emerging debate about what will happen once RRP balances reach zero, in particular if QT continues, see chart below.

    The worry is that once there are no longer abundant reserves in the banking sector, then reserves will be scarce, and the consequences could be less support for T-bills, duration, and credit markets, or stresses in money markets similar to what we saw in September 2019.

    The bottom line is that credit investors should keep an eye on RRP balances because as they are depleted, we will find out if reserves in the banking sector are scarce, abundant, or ample.

    In short, once RRP reaches zero in May or June, there may no longer be abundant reserves in the banking sector, which increases the probability of an accident somewhere in the plumbing of the financial system.

    When RRP balances reach zero in May or June, stresses could begin to emerge
    Source: FRBNY, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

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  • SMEs Playing Bigger Role in Europe than in the US

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    The share of total employment in large firms with more than 250 employees is bigger in the US than in Europe, see chart below.

    Source: OECD, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Data as of 2020 or latest available.

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  • The Fed Is the Reason the Last Mile Is Harder

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    Since the Fed pivot on December 13, consumers have become much more optimistic about the economic outlook, see chart below. Combined with record-high IG issuance, high HY issuance, and more IPO and M&A activity since December, it is not surprising that employment and inflation rebounded in January and jobless claims remain low.

    The last mile is harder not because of some structural feature in the economy, but because of the Fed turning dovish too soon, triggering a reacceleration in growth and inflation. That is why the Fed will keep rates higher for longer than markets expect.

    After the December Fed pivot: Consumers much more optimistic about their financial situation
    Source: FRBNY, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

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  • Services as a Share of Consumer Spending

    Torsten Sløk

    Apollo Chief Economist

    The share of private consumption spent on services is still 2 percentage points below its pre-pandemic level, see chart below.

    The implication for markets is that there is still more upside for growth in consumer services, i.e., spending on airlines, hotels, restaurants, concerts, sporting events, etc.

    Services as a share of US consumer spending not back at pre-pandemic levels
    Source: BEA, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist

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  • US households are less and less mobile, and after the Fed started raising rates, the self-reported probability of moving residence started trending down again, see charts below.

    A less mobile labor force will ultimately have negative consequences for GDP growth because workers with relevant skills do not move to regions with job growth. This is what we see in Europe, where language barriers limit mobility between regions in the euro area.

    Structural decline in the share of the US population moving to a new address
    Source: Census CPS, Apollo Chief Economist
    Self-reported probability of moving residence continues to decline
    Source: FRBNY, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Data is “self-reported” about the expectation from households.

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